Are you using the standard com_login module (component) for user log-in?
This seems like a problem of some customized code.
Turning \"Search Engine Friendly URLs\" turns off all SEO, including JoomSEF.
Does the log-in work when JoomSEF is off (in JoomSEF config), but Joomla! default SEO is on?
The URL you have posted is not JoomSEF generated URL, but the Joomla! SEO URL. If the logging does not work with default Joomla! built-in SEO, it will neither work with JoomSEF.